Skip to content
Pharma Observatory a Scientist.com platform

Condition (MeSH)

Confusion

ClinicalTrials.gov lists 1,531 trials for Confusion or a narrower condition beneath it.

MeSH D003221 Nervous System Diseases C10 C23
Email me this page as a PDF

Search trials, drugs, companies and investigators, and follow each one to the others. Individual plan, $249/seat/mo. Card required.

Phase 1 Phase 1 27 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 13 Phase 2 Phase 2 51 Phase 2/3 Phase 2/3 20 Phase 3 Phase 3 79 Phase 4 Phase 4 176 Not applicable Not applicable 587 Observational Observational 578 Phase 1 Phase 1 27 Phase 1/2 Phase 1/2 13 Phase 2 Phase 2 51 Phase 2/3 Phase 2/3 20 Phase 3 Phase 3 79 Phase 4 Phase 4 176 Not applicable Not applicable 587 Observational Observational 578

Trials per phase (log scale)

82 of the 1,531 trials are tagged with Confusion itself; the rest are tagged with a narrower condition beneath it.

Get the Confusion report as a PDF

The PDF carries up to 50 rows of each section, where the page shows the first few, with the sources listed. Enter a work email and confirm it from the message we send, and the report follows by email.

When did Confusion trials start? (27)

Shown in this order: most recent first, 1990 onwards. 2026 is partial: trials registered with a 2026 start date so far, not a full year. 6 trials are registered to start in 2027 or later, and not listed here.

Trials over time, by phase

  • Phase 1
  • Phase 1/2
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 2/3
  • Phase 3
  • Phase 4
  • Not applicable
  • Observational

Top of scale: 143

2000: 1 trials (Phase 3 1) 2001: 1 trials (Phase 3 1) 2002: 1 trials (Observational 1) 2003: 4 trials (Observational 1, Not applicable 1, Phase 4 1, Phase 3 1) 2004: 6 trials (Observational 1, Not applicable 1, Phase 4 2, Phase 2 2) 2005: 11 trials (Observational 5, Not applicable 2, Phase 4 1, Phase 3 1, Phase 2 2) 2006: 11 trials (Observational 3, Not applicable 1, Phase 4 3, Phase 3 3, Phase 2 1) 2007: 15 trials (Observational 6, Not applicable 2, Phase 4 2, Phase 3 3, Phase 2 2) 2008: 12 trials (Observational 2, Not applicable 2, Phase 4 5, Phase 3 2, Phase 1 1) 2009: 19 trials (Observational 6, Not applicable 6, Phase 4 1, Phase 3 4, Phase 2 1, Phase 1 1) 2010: 23 trials (Observational 8, Not applicable 6, Phase 4 5, Phase 3 2, Phase 2 1, Phase 1 1) 2011: 32 trials (Observational 8, Not applicable 10, Phase 4 7, Phase 3 4, Phase 2/3 1, Phase 2 2) 2012: 32 trials (Observational 13, Not applicable 9, Phase 4 6, Phase 3 2, Phase 2 2) 2013: 46 trials (Observational 16, Not applicable 14, Phase 4 11, Phase 3 4, Phase 2 1) 2014: 66 trials (Observational 28, Not applicable 12, Phase 4 17, Phase 3 3, Phase 2/3 2, Phase 2 3, Phase 1 1) 2015: 65 trials (Observational 28, Not applicable 27, Phase 4 5, Phase 3 1, Phase 2 2, Phase 1/2 2) 2016: 71 trials (Observational 25, Not applicable 30, Phase 4 9, Phase 3 5, Phase 2/3 2) 2017: 90 trials (Observational 37, Not applicable 31, Phase 4 10, Phase 3 4, Phase 2/3 3, Phase 2 3, Phase 1 2) 2018: 75 trials (Observational 29, Not applicable 31, Phase 4 7, Phase 3 2, Phase 2 4, Phase 1 2) 2019: 100 trials (Observational 43, Not applicable 35, Phase 4 9, Phase 3 3, Phase 2/3 3, Phase 2 1, Phase 1/2 2, Phase 1 4) 2020: 91 trials (Observational 48, Not applicable 32, Phase 4 4, Phase 3 3, Phase 2 4) 2021: 113 trials (Observational 41, Not applicable 46, Phase 4 11, Phase 3 8, Phase 2/3 1, Phase 2 4, Phase 1/2 1, Phase 1 1) 2022: 97 trials (Observational 46, Not applicable 33, Phase 4 9, Phase 3 3, Phase 2/3 1, Phase 2 1, Phase 1/2 1, Phase 1 3) 2023: 128 trials (Observational 53, Not applicable 52, Phase 4 12, Phase 3 3, Phase 2 4, Phase 1/2 2, Phase 1 2) 2024: 143 trials (Observational 45, Not applicable 69, Phase 4 13, Phase 3 4, Phase 2/3 2, Phase 2 3, Phase 1/2 3, Phase 1 4) 2025: 109 trials (Observational 31, Not applicable 56, Phase 4 9, Phase 3 6, Phase 2/3 1, Phase 2 4, Phase 1 2)

Trials registered with a start date in each year, 1990 onward, stacked by phase (complete years only; the current partial year is in the table's notes). The table below lists the same counts, most recent years first.

Trials started per year
Year Trials started
2026 (partial year) 162
2025 109
2024 143
2023 128
2022 97
2021 113
2020 91
2019 100
2018 75
2017 90

Forecast of the full-year count, planned starts included, not rows of this table: about 180 trials starting in 2026 and about 140 in 2027, the average of the 24 months through September, counted as registered and carried forward. The rows of this table count trials registered so far with a start date in the year, planned starts included; the forecast looks ahead to the count for the whole year, so it is not the same measure. In backtests on conditions of this size, forecasts made part-way through the year were typically off by about 13 percent and ran about 12 percent low against the count later registered; forecasts made before the year began were off by about 19 percent and ran about 17 percent low against the count later registered, and had about the same error as repeating last year's count. These figures rest on a few years of history (target years from 2018 to 2025, varying by figure), place each condition as it is mapped today rather than as it was then, and score against a count for the newest year that was still being revised. Only condition series were scored.

Prediction, not a registry value: median of 33 months from start to primary completion across 128 trials still running at the 2026-10-09 snapshot; registered median of 18 months across 828 trials with a primary completion typed Actual. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov / AACT (CTTI), public domain.

What phase are Confusion trials in? (8)

Shown in this order: phase order.

Show the trials by phase as a table
Trials by phase
Phase Trials
Phase 1 27
Phase 1/2 13
Phase 2 51
Phase 2/3 20
Phase 3 79
Phase 4 176
Not applicable 587
Observational 578

How many Confusion trials are recruiting? (9)

Shown in this order: the order a trial moves through, from not yet recruiting to unknown.

Trials by recruitment status
Status Trials
Not yet recruiting 140
Recruiting 197
Enrolling by invitation 6
Active, not recruiting 46
Completed 727

Status as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Each trial is counted once.

Which drugs are being tested for Confusion? (6)

Shown in this order: most trials first. One row per drug, matched to a single molecule under all its names, ranked by number of trials.

Drugs tested
Drug Trials
DEXMEDETOMIDINE 149
PROPOFOL 64
PMI-150 (intranasal ketamine) 22
FENTANYL 20
Desflurane 10

Interventions as named in the registry (9)

Shown in this order: most trials first.

Interventions as named in the registry
Drug Trials
1% Sevoflurane 40
Haloperidol-Haloperidol 24
Melatonin PR 23
D. Midazolam 22
Remimazolam TIVA 12

These are the names sponsors entered on ClinicalTrials.gov that we have not matched to a single molecule. Some are drugs under a brand or code name; others are procedures, doses or arm labels.

Which serious adverse events do Confusion trials report? (10)

Shown in this order: most subjects affected first. Subjects affected summed across trials, a cross-trial signal, not a rate.

Serious adverse events in this condition's trials
Adverse event Subjects affected Trials
Patients with Respiratory 77 1
Patients with Cardiovascular 53 1
Respiratory Failures 48 1
Hospital admission 37 1
Other GI event 32 1

Which publications cover Confusion? (141)

Shown in this order: major-topic papers first, then newest, then most linked to trials.

Sub-conditions in MeSH (1)

MeSH descendants one level down with at least one trial, most trials first.

Not on this page

Not measured: delivery record.

Checked, with nothing recorded for this condition: lead sponsors, prevalence, and rare-disease identity.

Browse all condition evidence pages