Condition (MeSH)
Confusion
ClinicalTrials.gov lists 1,531 trials for Confusion or a narrower condition beneath it.
Search trials, drugs, companies and investigators, and follow each one to the others. Individual plan, $249/seat/mo. Card required.
Trials per phase (log scale)
82 of the 1,531 trials are tagged with Confusion itself; the rest are tagged with a narrower condition beneath it.
When did Confusion trials start? (27)
Shown in this order: most recent first, 1990 onwards. 2026 is partial: trials registered with a 2026 start date so far, not a full year. 6 trials are registered to start in 2027 or later, and not listed here.
Trials over time, by phase
- Phase 1
- Phase 1/2
- Phase 2
- Phase 2/3
- Phase 3
- Phase 4
- Not applicable
- Observational
Top of scale: 143
Trials registered with a start date in each year, 1990 onward, stacked by phase (complete years only; the current partial year is in the table's notes). The table below lists the same counts, most recent years first.
| Year | Trials started |
|---|---|
| 2026 (partial year) | 162 |
| 2025 | 109 |
| 2024 | 143 |
| 2023 | 128 |
| 2022 | 97 |
| 2021 | 113 |
| 2020 | 91 |
| 2019 | 100 |
| 2018 | 75 |
| 2017 | 90 |
Showing 10 of 27 earlier years.
Forecast of the full-year count, planned starts included, not rows of this table: about 180 trials starting in 2026 and about 140 in 2027, the average of the 24 months through September, counted as registered and carried forward. The rows of this table count trials registered so far with a start date in the year, planned starts included; the forecast looks ahead to the count for the whole year, so it is not the same measure. In backtests on conditions of this size, forecasts made part-way through the year were typically off by about 13 percent and ran about 12 percent low against the count later registered; forecasts made before the year began were off by about 19 percent and ran about 17 percent low against the count later registered, and had about the same error as repeating last year's count. These figures rest on a few years of history (target years from 2018 to 2025, varying by figure), place each condition as it is mapped today rather than as it was then, and score against a count for the newest year that was still being revised. Only condition series were scored.
Prediction, not a registry value: median of 33 months from start to primary completion across 128 trials still running at the 2026-10-09 snapshot; registered median of 18 months across 828 trials with a primary completion typed Actual. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov / AACT (CTTI), public domain.
What phase are Confusion trials in? (8)
Shown in this order: phase order.
Show the trials by phase as a table
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Phase 1 | 27 |
| Phase 1/2 | 13 |
| Phase 2 | 51 |
| Phase 2/3 | 20 |
| Phase 3 | 79 |
| Phase 4 | 176 |
| Not applicable | 587 |
| Observational | 578 |
How many Confusion trials are recruiting? (9)
Shown in this order: the order a trial moves through, from not yet recruiting to unknown.
| Status | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not yet recruiting | 140 |
| Recruiting | 197 |
| Enrolling by invitation | 6 |
| Active, not recruiting | 46 |
| Completed | 727 |
Showing 5 of 9 statuses.
Status as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Each trial is counted once.
Which drugs are being tested for Confusion? (6)
Shown in this order: most trials first. One row per drug, matched to a single molecule under all its names, ranked by number of trials.
| Drug | Trials |
|---|---|
| DEXMEDETOMIDINE | 149 |
| PROPOFOL | 64 |
| PMI-150 (intranasal ketamine) | 22 |
| FENTANYL | 20 |
| Desflurane | 10 |
Showing 5 of 6 drugs.
Interventions as named in the registry (9)
Shown in this order: most trials first.
| Drug | Trials |
|---|---|
| 1% Sevoflurane | 40 |
| Haloperidol-Haloperidol | 24 |
| Melatonin PR | 23 |
| D. Midazolam | 22 |
| Remimazolam TIVA | 12 |
Showing 5 of 9 interventions.
These are the names sponsors entered on ClinicalTrials.gov that we have not matched to a single molecule. Some are drugs under a brand or code name; others are procedures, doses or arm labels.
Which serious adverse events do Confusion trials report? (10)
Shown in this order: most subjects affected first. Subjects affected summed across trials, a cross-trial signal, not a rate.
| Adverse event | Subjects affected | Trials |
|---|---|---|
| Patients with Respiratory | 77 | 1 |
| Patients with Cardiovascular | 53 | 1 |
| Respiratory Failures | 48 | 1 |
| Hospital admission | 37 | 1 |
| Other GI event | 32 | 1 |
Showing 5 of 10 adverse events.
Which publications cover Confusion? (141)
Shown in this order: major-topic papers first, then newest, then most linked to trials.
| Publication | Journal | Year | Major topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individualized home-based phoneme training for adult cochlear implant users reduces phoneme confusion errors. | Cochlear implants international | 2025 | Yes |
| Real-Time Detection of Spatial Disorientation in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. | Gerontology | 2020 | Yes |
| Delirium detection in older acute medical inpatients: a multicentre prospective comparative diagnostic test accuracy study of the 4AT and the confusion assessment method. | BMC medicine | 2019 | Yes |
| Gabapentin dose and the 30-day risk of altered mental status in older adults: A retrospective population-based study. | PloS one | 2018 | Yes |
| [The Confusion Assessment Method: Transcultural adaptation of a French version]. | Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique | 2018 | Yes |
Showing 5 of 141 publications.
Sub-conditions in MeSH (1)
MeSH descendants one level down with at least one trial, most trials first.
Not on this page
Not measured: delivery record.
Checked, with nothing recorded for this condition: lead sponsors, prevalence, and rare-disease identity.